This study is designed to
give you Core Contents in a simple easy to understand structure. It will help
you identified your strengths and deal with areas of weakness. You will then
begin to comprehend many of the major areas of Core contents that are essential
to PassNMC PART 1, CBT TEST.
Whether this is
your first attempt or that you have attempted this test several times. I want
to encourage you to stay focused on your goals. Cast away feelings of
inadequacy and doubt which does not support this effort now. Stay focused and
you shall achieve success and your dreams.
GIMEL Study guide is a review for International nurses
preparing for registration as nurses in the UK.
NMC Test of Competence - Part 1 Test
Revision
The NMC Test of Competence Part 1
exam is a computer-based test (CBT) questions consisting of 120 Multiple Choice
Questions. It is intended for applicants trained outside the EU (European
Union) and European Economic Area seeking employment as a nurse in the UK.
This Part 1 test preparatory review
contents covers randomly on all four of the domains and questions specific to
adult nursing. These topics are: Professional values, Communication and
interpersonal skills, Nursing practice and decision making Leadership
management and team working as outlined and stated by NMC.
Thereafter, practice with about 70 questions
to test your knowledge with correct answers.
Success
is guaranteed if you devote your short time to go through the reviewed contents and the questions.
This
is the opportunity you have been waiting for. Go through the contents. You can
be sure of passing your CBT test at First sitting.
Tuesday, 12 July 2016
WHAT ARE THE BLOOD TYPES REALLY FOR?
When Landsteiner mixed the blood from different people together, he discovered it followed certain rules. If he mixed the plasma from group A with red blood cells from someone else in group A, the plasma and cells remained a liquid. The same rule applied to the plasma and red blood cells from group B. But if Landsteiner mixed plasma from group A with red blood cells from B, the cells clumped (and vice versa).
The blood from people in group O was different. When Landsteiner mixed either A or B red blood cells with O plasma, the cells clumped. But he could add A or B plasma to O red blood cells without any clumping.
The blood type groups as we know them today.
It’s this clumping that makes blood transfusions so potentially dangerous. If a doctor accidentally injected type B blood into my arm, my body would become loaded with tiny clots. They would disrupt my circulation and cause me to start bleeding massively, struggle for breath and potentially die. But if I received either type A or type O blood, I would be fine.
Landsteiner didn’t know what precisely distinguished one blood type from another. Later generations of scientists discovered that the red blood cells in each type are decorated with different molecules on their surface. In my type A blood, for example, the cells build these molecules in two stages, like two floors of a house. The first floor is called an H antigen. On top of the first floor the cells build a second, called the A antigen.
People with type B blood, on the other hand, build the second floor of the house in a different shape. And people with type O build a single-storey ranch house: they only build the H antigen and go no further.
Each person’s immune system becomes familiar with his or her own blood type. If people receive a transfusion of the wrong type of blood, however, their immune system responds with a furious attack, as if the blood were an invader. The exception to this rule is type O blood. It only has H antigens, which are present in the other blood types too. To a person with type A or type B, it seems familiar. That familiarity makes people with type O blood universal donors, and their blood especially valuable to blood centers.
Landsteiner reported his experiment in a short, terse paper in 1900. “It might be mentioned that the reported observations may assist in the explanation of various consequences of therapeutic blood transfusions,” he concluded with exquisite understatement. Landsteiner’s discovery opened the way to safe, large-scale blood transfusions, and even today blood banks use his basic method of clumping blood cells as a quick, reliable test for blood types.
But as Landsteiner answered an old question, he raised new ones. What, if anything, were blood types for? Why should red blood cells bother with building their molecular houses? And why do people have different houses?
Solid scientific answers to these questions have been hard to come by. And in the meantime, some unscientific explanations have gained huge popularity. “It’s just been ridiculous,” sighs Connie Westhoff, the Director of Immunohematology, Genomics, and Rare Blood at the New York Blood Center. Get the details from www.bewellbuzz.com/what are blood types for/
